ABSTRACT
A growing number of neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormal brain structural and functional alterations in subjects with internet addiction (IA), however, with conflicting conclusions. We plan to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the studies of voxelbased morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), to reach a consolidated conclusion and point out the future direction in this field. A comprehensive search of rsFC and VBM studies of IA will be conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to retrieve studies published from the inception dates to August 2021. If the extracted data are feasible, activation likelihood estimation and seed-based d mapping methods will be used to meta-analyze the brain structural and functional changes in IA patients. This study will hopefully reach a consolidated conclusion on the impact of IA on human brain or point out the future direction in this field.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the association between sleep duration and athletic performance, and provide scientific basis to improve the 50 m and endurance performance in children and adolescents.@*METHODS@#All the 119 462 subjects aged 9-15 years in both genders were sampled from 2014 National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance by using stratified random cluster sampling method, to measure the height, weight, 50 meters and endurance performance and investigate sleep duration with questionnaire. Their body mass indexes (BMI) were calculated and the students' 50 m, endurance run scores and sleep durations were assessed. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the difference between the different sleep groups, and multifactor Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the sleep condition and athletic performance.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of insufficient sleep was 94.67% in the total subjects, the prevalence was higher among the girls (95.26%)than the boys (94.09%, χ2=80.99, P<0.001), and higher among the urban (95.41%) than the rural students(93.93%, χ2=128.48, P<0.001).The children with sufficient sleep had better performance in 50 m and endurance run scores( χ250 m=10.10, P50 m＜0.01; χ2endurance run=21.76, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis after controlling the gender, area, grade and BMI showed that children with adequate sleep showed better results(OR50 m=1.14, 95%CI50 m=1.05-1.23, P50 m<0.01; ORendurance run=1.21, 95%CIendurance run=1.11-1.31, Pendurance run<0.001). As for gender, the excellent rates of 50 m and endurance run scores in the boys with adequate sleep were higher (P<0.001), but there were no significant difference in 50 m and endurance run excellent rates in the girls of different sleep conditions. The excellent rates of 50 m and endurance run in the urban children and the endurance rate in the rural children and adolescents with adequate sleep were higher than those with insufficient sleep (P<0.01) while there were no significant difference in the 50 m excellent rates between the different sleep groups in rural areas. The 50 m and endurance run excellent rates of the children and adolescents with adequate sleep in each grade were higher than those of the children in the same grade with insufficient sleep (Pprimary students' endurance performance<0.001, and the rest P<0.05). Children and adolescents with normal BMI and overweight who slept well had better performance in 50 m (P<0.05). The endurance run excellent rate of children and adolescents with adequate sleep in each BMI group was higher than that in children and adolescents with insufficient sleep in the same BMI group (Pmalnutrition<0.01, Pnormal<0.01, Poverweight<0.05, Pobesity<0.05). The children and adolescents were divided into different groups according to the sleep duration,the one who slept less than 7 hours had lower 50 m excellent rate than the other groups with longer sleeping duration (P<0.01) and the rate in the ones who slept more than 9 hours was the highest (P<0.001).The endurance excellent rate in the children and adolescents who slept more than 9 hours was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.001).There was no significant dose-response relationship in excellent rates and sleep durations.@*CONCLUSION@#The prevalence of insufficient sleep has increased, and the sleep condition in children and adolescents is severe. Children and adolescents with sufficient sleep have better athletic performance, so we should strengthen the prevention and control of the lack of sleep in children and adolescents.